PARAGRAPH 5 HEADLINE
4. Find in the text the words meaning: зовнішньополітична служба
України; дипломатичний досвід; витоки української дипломатії; шука-
ти коріння; візантійська і римська традиції; сучасна європейська держа-
ва; давньоруська держава; підтримувати активні стосунки; розгалужені
міжнародні відносини; в часи правління; нащадки; князь; в часи серед-
ньовіччя; активно використовувати; поширений метод здійснен-
ня дипломатії; укладання династичних шлюбів; імператор; король;
дружина короля; дружні відносини; скріпити шлюбом; численні іс-
торичні колізії; відсутність власної держави; повноцінний розвиток
національної дипломатії; бракувати; неперервність; занепад; розпад;
реальний шанс; українська дипломатія; Козацька доба; розвинутися
у повноцінну дипломатичну службу; вільна козацька республіка; розпо-
чати власне формування; українське козацтво; поступово перетворю-
ватися; носій української державності; Військо Запорізьке; суб’єкт між-
народних відносин; впливовий військово-політичний чинник; укладати
договір; представник; християнський союз держав; Священна Ліга; спільна боротьба; вперше за свою історію; повноправний учасник
міжнародної коаліції; гетьман; вільно розмовляти; польська мова;
турецька мова; латина; тонкий і проникливий розум; терплячий
і хитрий; військові перемоги; міжнародні контакти; суттєво активізу-
ватися; розширюватися; резиденція; приймати посланців; посла-
нець султана; московський цар; вести переговори; польський комісар;
налагодити і розвинути стосунки; дипломатичні зусилля; бути замало;
забезпечити незалежність; зробити внесок; становлення і розвиток
української дипломатії.
5. Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the English equivalents
of the words and word-combinations from exercise 4.
1.Each country has a ____________ to provide for international
relations. 2. Ukraine’s Foreign policy traditions are based on the ________
______ of Kyivska Rus’-Ukraine. 3. The ______________ of Ukrainian diplomacy
is quite old. 4. Ukrainian diplomacy can ______________deep into
the past. 5. European diplomacy can be traced to ____________ and _______
_____ traditions. 6. Diplomacy of all ____________ states is based upon antique
traditions. 7. Ukraine is the direct descendent of the Old ____________
State. 8. Ukraine strives to ____________ con tacts with all states of the world.
9. Ukraine has ____________ ties with most European countries. 10. Ukraine
suffered extensive human losses ____________ of the Communists. 11. Old
Rus’-Ukrainian State actively used different ____________ in international
relations. 12. Yaroslav-the-Wise actively used the _____________ method
of diplomacy in the _____________ times – _____________ marriages.
13. Yaroslav-the-Wise ____________ friendly relations with many countries
by giving his daughters in ____________ to the rulers of those
countries. 14. World history is full of numerous ____________ between nations
that resulted in armed conflicts. 15. Many Ukrainian problems had arisen
from the ____________ of own state. 16. The ____________ development
of the national diplomacy started much later. 17. Because of the absence of
own state, Ukrainian diplomacy lacked ____________. 18. All empires had
lived through the period of ____________and ____________. 19. Ukrainian
diplomacy had little chance to develop into a full-fledged diplomatic
____________ during the ____________ era, because the free Cossack
____________ had little chance to develop into a full-fledged _________
___. 20. Over decades the free Cossack republic had ____________turned
into the ___________of Ukrainian statehood.21. The free Cossack republic
used to be a ___________of international relations. 22. Ukrainian Cossacks
used to be an ___________ mili tary and political factor in the struggle
against the Ottoman Empire. 23. The free Cossack republic concluded international
___________ with ___________ of European countries. 24. The
____________ League was the ____________ union of European states
created for a joint struggle against the ____________ Empire. 25. As early
as the end of the 16th century, the free Cossack republic was a a full-fledged
_________of an international _________. 26. At the end of the 16th century
Ukrain ian _________acted as the subject of international _________for
the first _________in its history. 27. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi ____
__and ______ Ukrain ian international contacts. 28. After Hetman Bohdan
Khmelnytskyi came to ______, Ukrain ian Cossacks started gaining _____
_victories. 29. Bohdan Khmelnytskyi was _____in several languages, had
a _____and ______intellect, was _____and ______. 30. Hetman Bohdan
Khmelnytskyi’s ______was in Pereyaslav. 31. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi
received ______and ______ of the rulers of foreign states: Transylvania,
Ottoman Empire, Moscovia, etc. 32. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi
established and _____ relations with foreign countries. 33. Polish _____,
Ottoman ______, Transylvanian ______, Moscow ______, Swedish _____
_conducted ______ with Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi. 34. In spite of all
_____ efforts, Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi failed to ______ Ukraine’s
independ ence. 35. Hetmans Ivan Mazepa and Pylyp Orlyk made considerable
______ to the establishment and ______ of Ukrainian diplomacy.
6. The table below is used to render names of persons, geographical names
and some other proper names from Ukrainian into English and from English
into Ukrainian. Study the table and then proceed to the tasks.
Ukrainian English Ukrainian English Ukrainian English Ukrainian English
Aa Aa З з Zz Нн N n Хх Khkh
Б б Bb Ии Yy Oo Oo Цц Tsts
В в V/v І і I i Пп Pp Чч Ch/Tch ch/tch
Гг Hh Її Yi/Ii/yi/ii Pp Rr Шш Shsh
ҐҐ Gg Й й Yy Cc Ss Щщ Shch shch
Дд Dd Кк Kk Тт Tt Юю Yu yu
Е е Ee Лл LI У у Uu Я я Yaya
Є е Ye ye Мм M m Фф Ff Ь ’
Ж ж Zhzh
Приклади (більшість прикладів запозичені з роботи І. В. Корунця –
див. посилання у передмові):
/и/ як у: Бобрик Bobryk, Бровари Brovary, Микитенко Mykytenko
/ї/ as і or yi. Після голосної вживайте і: Заїка Zaika, Українка Ukrainka;
на початку слова вживайте yi: Їжакевич Yizhakevych.
/й/ як у (на початку слова): Йосип Yosyp, як iy (after /i/): Андрій Andriy;
як yi (after /и/): Горовий Horovyi, Гулий Hulyi.
/я/, /ю/, /є/ як ya, yu, ye (особливо на початку слова: Яким Yakym) або
як ia, iu, ie: Забіяка Zabiyaka/Zabiaka (особливо наприкінці сло-
ва): Марія Maria, Югославія Yugoslavia, Малазія Malasia, але: Ке-
нія Kenya
/ь/ як /’/: Альвіна Al’vina, Луцьк Luts’k, Гринь Hryn’, Василь VasyI’.
/г/ як /h/: Гаврило Havrylo, Григір Hryhir, Гакслі Huxley.
/Ґ/ як /g/: Ґрунтовий Gruntovyi
/х/ як / kh /: Хома Khoma, Химич Khymych, Харків Kharkiv.
/ж/ як /zh /: Жук Zhuk, Божій Bozhiy, Журавель, Zhuravel’.
/ч/ як /ch/ or /tch/: Клочко Klochko/Klotchko
/щ/ як /shch/: Щаденко Shchadenko, Безпощадний Bezposhchadnyi.
/в/ як /v/ Володимир Volodymyr, Вовчок Vovchok.
7. Render the following proper names into English. Use the table above
where appropriate. Check the text if you have any problems.
A. Візантія, Германська імперія, Польща, Угорщина, Франція, скан-
динавські держави; Норвегія, Східна Європа; Південно-східна Європа;
Османська імперія; Трансільванія; Швеція.
B. Краків; Переяслав; Січ.
C. Генріх, Єлизавета, Анастасія, Андраш, Доброніга, Ярослав Му-
дрий, Гаральд Суворий; Казимир, Богдан Хмельницький; Георгій
Ракоці; Іван Мазепа; Пилип Орлик.
8. Work in pairs. Reproduce the text on the historical background
of Ukrainian diplomacy to your partner. Use the headlines below
as the backbone for your story.
Ukrainian diplomacy history tracing back to antique traditions
Yaroslav-the-Wise and his dynastic-marriage diplomatic policy
The Cossack era
Ukrainian diplomacy under Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi
Ukrainian diplomacy after Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi
9. Read the text (adapted from the article by Les’ Kachovsky in The Day
of April 10, 2001) and answer the following questions:
A. What was Bohdan Khmelnytskyi’s attitude toward the ideas of
alliance with Turkey and the anti-Turkish coalition? Why? What diplomatic
actions did he take?
B. What was Bohdan Khmelnytskyi’s successors’ attitude toward
the ideas of alliance with Turkey? Why? What diplomatic actions did
they take?
C. What is your evaluation of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi’s and his successors’
policy in general? What were its strong and weak sides?
Between Christians and Muslims
In the 16–17th next centuries,
the Christian and Muslim
worlds were in a constant state
of war. Venice tried to form a
union of Christian states against
Turkey. But the Cossack War of
1648 delayed such an alliance
for a long time.
The Cossack War against
Poland-Lithuania in close alliance
with the Tatar Khan Islam-Girey, helped Turkey to weaken Western
Christendom. In 1649, Chyhyryn, Bohdan Khmelnytskyi’s Cossack capital,
was visited by the Turkish sultan’s envoys who tried to persuade him to
become a subject of Turkey. The hetman refused. But he also declined a
proposal by the Venetian ambas sador to join the anti-Turkish coalition.
A year later the Cossacks renewed their talks with the Turks. Bohdan
Khmelnytskyi even sent to them envoys. Very soon after, Chyhyryn re ceived
a messenger with a letter from the grand vizier reassuring Khmelnytskyi of
support. The let ter pleased the hetman, because he boasted the next day to
have won the pro tection of Turkey.
In 1651, when it was clear another clash between the Cossack and Polish
forces was inevitable, both sides began to pre pare for a war. The sultan
offered 20,000 janissaries to help, but the cautious Bohdan Khmelnytskyi
declined this at first glance tempt ing offer.
On the eve of signing the Treaty of Bila Tserkva with the Poles, the
hetman received a Turkish envoy only to tell him he no longer wished to
become the Sultan’s subject but was relying on the Muscovite tsar who professed
the same faith as he did. The hetman also came out against the Turkish
option at the Pereyaslav Rada, “The Turkish Sultan is an infidel; it is common
knowledge that the Orthodox suffer greatly in the lands under his power.”
The turning point in the
Turkey-Cossacks relationship
came when Petro Doroshenko
was elected hetman. In February
1666, the Great Rada sup ported
Doroshenko’s intention to overthrow
the power of the Polish-
Lithuanian Common wealth on
the Cossack territory with Turkish
help. Negotiations began
with the Turkish divan. Khmelnytskyi’s
old idea of the Turkey’s protec torate was on the agenda.
Doroshenko’s contacts with Istanbul caused worry in Europe. Austria
officially promised help to the Polish king in the fight against the Muslims
and their henchman Doroshenko. The worried Jan-Kazimierz decided to call
on the Moscow tsar to conclude an armistice, and launch hostili ties against
the common enemy.
It was not for the first time that the Polish-Lithuanian Common wealth
put forward such projects. In 1649, after signing the Treaty of Zboriv under
pressure of the Tatar Khan, the Polish king offered Moscow a mil itary alliance,
but the tsar declined the proposal. Similar talks were then held almost
uninter ruptedly from 1662 on, to reach a deadlock each time. In 1667 Moscow
became much more flexible and signed a truce for thirteen and a half
years. Not to waste time on border delim itation, the two sides agreed that
the Muscovite tsar would exercise con trol over Left Bank Ukraine and, for
two years, Kyiv. The “liberated” Zaporozhzhian Sich was to be under joint
jurisdiction of the two sides, although in practice it also fell under Moscow’s
rule. The truce negotiations were con ducted without Ukrainian representatives,
although the questions under discussion primarily related to it.
In 1667 Doroshenko with 24,000 Cossacks, several scores of thousands
of Tatars, and a siz able corps of Turkish janissaries, launched an offensive
against the Polish. This threat forced Mus covy and the Commonwealth to
sign the Allied Resolution whereby the two countries took an official commitment
to carry out joint actions against Turkey and the Crimea.The signing triggered a negative reaction
among the Cossacks, while
Hetman Doroshenko even suffered
a heart attack. Yet, he
must have under stood that the
two mighty states would not
turn a blind eye to his cultivating
the infidels. Moreover,
Cossack hetmans were often
con sidered in Moscow and
Warsaw as tools of the Crimean khan. In 1667 Moscow and Warsaw concluded
their Allied Resolution. It seemed as if Ukraine’s two het mans —
Petro Doroshenko and especially the Left Bank ruler Ivan Briukhovetskyi
— would join the anti-Muslim alliance, but both Cossack leaders rushed for
a Turkish protectorate. In January 1668 Doroshenko convened a council of
his senior officer corps. The Cossack elite supported his idea, and the Right
Bank Hetman entered into negotiations with Turkish emissaries. The Turks
promised assistance in con quering the other side of the Dnipro.
10. Write a 300-word essay on the historical background of Ukrainian
diplomacy.