Paragraph 5

4. Analysis of ideas and relationships. Circle the letter next to the best

answer.

1. In paragraph 0 the author claims that the Law of 1 February 1944:

a) was a revolutionary one;

b) displayed very progressive changes in the Communist Party policy;

c) was adopted because of the international pressure;

d) did not change much in the mechanism of the control over the conduct

of foreign policy.

2. As it follows from paragraph 1, after 1944 Ukraine:

a) gained complete freedom in the conduct of its foreign policy;

b) was free to conduct its foreign policy, but had to inform Moscow on

all issues;

c) was enthusiastically welcomed by the global community;

d) was not free to conduct its foreign policy, but gained some advantaages.

3. Paragraph 2:

a) illustrates the degree of Ukrainian involveent in dealing with the

UN issues;

b) shows how active Ukraine was in preparing the UN Charter and the

rules of procedure;

c) demonstrates the Ukrainian international role on the example of

Indone sia;

d) underlines the role of Ukraine as the regional reader in the Danube

area.

4. The main purpose of paragraph 3 is to:

a) enumerate all international organisations Ukraine has been a member of;

b) illustrate the thesis about the growing role of Ukraine in the world;

c) show the diversity of areas Ukraine has been involved in;

d) impress the reader.

5. The information given in paragraph 4:

a) shows how many proposals have been put forward by Ukraine at UN;

b) shows how many initiatives have been suggested by Ukraine at UN;

c) proves that Ukraine has been very active at UN since the very beginning;

d) gives a complete record of Ukraine’s proposals and initiatives at UN.

6. Paragraph 5:

a) enumerates some of the high posts occupied by Ukrainian diplomats

at the UN and other international organizations;

b) illustrates the thesis about a good professional level of Ukrainian diplomats;

c) shows the spectrum of international organizations headed by Ukrainian

diplomats;

d) gives a complete record of the high posts occupied by Ukrainian diplomats

at the UN and other international organizations;

5. Find in the text the words meaning:

1. сесія Верховної Роди СРСР; 2. прийняти закон; 3. надати повнова-

ження; 3. у галузі зовнішніх зносин; 4. перетворення; 5. загальносо-

юзний; 6. союзно-республіканський; 7. двадцятирічна перерва; 8. фор-

мально поновити права; 9. союзна республіка; 10. у сфері зовнішньопо-

літичної діяльності; 11. прийняти постанову; 12. Указ; 13. між народна

діяльність; 14. Зорієнтований; 15. участь у роботі; 16. Організація

Об’єднаних Націй; 17. давати можливість; 18. обмежений; 19. інфор-

мувати світову громадськість; 20. мати причетність; 21. обговорення

світових та регіональних міжнародних проблем; 22. здобувати досвід;

23. багатостороння дипломатія; 24. держава-засновниця ООН; 25. роз-

робка Статуту; 26. формування структури, органів та установ органі-

зації; 27. розгорнути активну діяльність; 28. в перші роки існування;

29. вносити пропозиції до Статуту; 30. тимчасові правила процедури;

комісії; 34. розслідування становища; 35. Біженці; 36. Переселенці;

37. переміщені особи; 38. представництво; 39. неурядова організація;

40. Економічна і Соціальна Рада ООН; 41. Міжнародний Суд; 42. Між-

народна організація праці; 43. Європейська Економічна Комісія;

44. непостійний член Ради Безпеки ООН; 45. член Адміністративної

Ради МОП; 46. член Ради директорів Програми ООН з навколишньо-

го середовища; 47. Рада директорів МАГАТЕ; 48. Комітет боротьби з

апартеїдом; 49. здійснення невід’ємних прав палестинського народу;

50. проводити активну,наполегливу політику; 51. захист прав людини;

52. роззброєння; 53. збереження миру; 54. вносити пропозиції; 55. між-

народні організації та конференції; 56. проголошення Міжнародного

року медичних досліджень; 57. за ініціативами України; 58. боротьба

з неписьменністю; 59. допомога у підготовці кадрів; 60. прискорен-

ня індустріалізації; 61. країни, що розвиваються; 62. активна участь;

63. заборона хімічної зброї; 64. незастосування сили; 65. немілітари-

зація космосу; 66. ліквідація залишків колоніалізму; 67. заборона на-

йманства; 68. Резолюція про міжнародне співробітництво з подолання

наслідків Чорнобильської аварії; 69. працівники української зовніш-

ньополітичної служби; 70. дипломатичний корпус; 71. кращі традиції

світової дипломатії; 72. підтвердження; 73. висока кваліфікація укра-

їнських дипломатів; 74. признача тися і обиратися на високі керівні по-

сади; 75. голова Ради Безпеки ООН; 76. Комітет ООН з питань прав

людини; 77. перший віце-президент; 78. 21-а сесія; 79. Заступник го-

лови Генеральної Асамблеї ООН; 80. Комітет ЕКОСОР з соціальних

питань; 81. заступник Генерального директора ЮНЕСКО; 82. Секрета-

ріат ООН; 83. робочі органи.

6. Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the English equivalents

of the words and word-combinations from exercise 5.

1. In 1944 the USSR Supreme Council ___________ some powers in foreign

affairs to the Un ion Republics. 2. It was connected with the ___________

of the United Nations Organisation and the wilingness of the USSR to have

more members there. 3. Thus formally the rights of in the field of foreign

policy were _________and the Verkhovna Rada adopted decrees on the ___

__________ of the Ukrainian PCFA. 4. In practice, Ukraine’s ___________

____ activities were limited to the ____________ in the work of the United

Nations. 5. However, even such _________ participation provided a ______

______ to inform the global ___________ about life in Ukraine. 6. Besides,

through the UN Ukraine got _____________ in the consideration of global

and _____________ international problems. 7. Taking part in the UN work

allowed Ukrainian _________ to ac quire experience in multilateral _____

______. 8. Ukraine was a founding member of the UN, and as such it took

part in the ___________of the UN Charter and in the ____________ of its

structure, bodies and institutions. 9. Ukraine _________ forward many proposals

on the Charter and other UN _______________, including the provisional

rules of __________ of the UN Gen eral ____________. 10. Ukraine

also proposed some __________ resolutions on the __________ of different

commissions on the _____________ of situations in some countries. 11. Such

important problems as refu gees and _____________, displaced _________

_, representation of non-____________ organizations at the UN Economic

and _________ Council (ECOSOC), the work of the Dan ube ___________

__ were among the issues Ukraine was involved in. 12. Since 1945 Ukraine

has become a member of the Interna tional __________ of Justice, the ____

______ Health Organization, the Universal ___________ Union, the World

Meteorological ___________, the _____________ Labor Organization, the

Economic ____________ for Europe aand others. 13. Ukraine has also been

elected a non-__________ member of the UN Security Council, to the UN

Economic and _____________ Council, ILO Administrative __________,

the Board of the UN Environment ____________, IAEA Board and the

Com mittee on the _____________ of Apartheid and Implementa tion of Inalienable

______________ of the Palestinian People. 14. The other areas

Ukraine has been actively involved in are human rights ____________, disarmament

and the ______________ of peace. 15. Ukraine has put forward

hundreds of proposals and initiatives, among them – proclamation of an

International Year of ___________ Research, combating ___________ illiteracy

and as sistance in staff ___________ for accelerated industrialization

of _____________ countries. 16. Ukraine has aalso been acctive in the

considera tion of such important problems as disarmament, prohibition of

_________ weapons, non-use of ________, non-___________ of space,

_______________ of the remains of colonialism and the _____________

of mercenaries. 17. An important initiative, essential for Ukraine, was the

resolution on International _____________ to Eliminate the ___________

of the Chornobyl Disaster. 18. Ukrainian diplomats are being ___________

_ in the best traditions of world diplo macy. 19. Several Ukrainian diplomats

have been elected t Presi dents of the UN Security Council, Vice Presidents of the UN General Assembly, UNESCO Deputy Directors-Gen eral, Vice

Presidents of the ECOSOC Committee and UN Human Rights Committee.

7. Render the following proper names and realia into English.

А. Політбюро ЦК КП(б) України, Президія Верховної Ради УРСР,

НКЗС, ООН, ЕКОСОР, Дунайська конференція, Всесвітня організація

охорони здоров’я, Всесвітній поштовий союз, Всесвітня метеорологіч-

на організація, МОП, ЮНЕСКО, МАГАТЕ, голова Ради Безпеки ООН,

заступник Генерального директора ЮНЕСКО, Комітет ЕКОСОР з со-

ціальних питань, Комітет ООН з питань прав людини.

Б. Українська РСР, Індонезія.

В. Дмитро Мануїльський, Петро Недбайло, Володимир Мартиненко,

Василь Кравець, Генадій Удовенко, Юрій Кочубей.

8. Work in pairs. Reproduce the texts on the Ukrainian diplomacy during

the second phase of the Soviet period (1944–1990) to your partner.

Use the headlines below as the backbone for your story.

0. Restoration of the Ukrainian People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs

1. UN – a limited possibility to ac quire experience in the field of

multilateral diplomacy

2. Ukrainian active participation: proposals

3. Ukrainian expanding membership in international organisations

4. Ukrainian active participation: initiatives

5. The professionalism of Ukrainian dip lomats: high international posts

9. Read the text (adapted from the article by Yuriy SHAPOVAL in The

Day of April 27, 2004) and answer the following questions: What was

the difference between Stalin and Khrushchev in staff management?

What was the difference between in handling international issues?

How had the international image of the country changed? What was

the most serious international crisis during the Khrushchev era? What

do you know about the Cuban Missile crisis? What diplomatic actions

were taken to avert the nuclear disaster?

Polish Spy Khrushchev 2

Khrushchev was a different man after World War II. He had served as a

member of the military councils of the special Kyiv military district and five fronts, and had helped organize the Red partisan movement. None of

this should be overstated, as was the case in the early 1960s, with countless

official eulogies addressing Beloved Nikita Sergeyevich.

The fact remains, however, that he did not sit behind the Kremlin walls but

witnessed human suffering. He also suffered a personal tragedy when his

son Leonid was killed in action at Stalingrad, in March 1943. Leonid’s wife

Liubov Sizykh (mentioned above; she still lives in Kyiv, by the way, a fact

known to few) was arrested shortly afterward. True, he did nothing to help

the poor woman (her son was institutionalized), but he did not forget it, adding

it to the anti-Stalin material accumulating within him, which would be

able to make public only decades later.

Also, his arrival in Ukraine, in 1938, coincided with a shifting of the emphasis

in the struggle against the “enemies of the people.” At the time, the

infernal consequences of the purges had become so obvious that the Party

Central Committee resolved at a plenary meeting (January 1938) to correct

what was described as “serious errors and distortions.” Indeed, some were

returned their party membership cards, some were even released from jail

and prison camps. Khrushchev took an active part in that campaign. During

the 1946–47 famine in Ukraine, he wrote letters and called Stalin, warning

him about the difficult situation in Ukraine. This infuriated the tyrant and he

sent his brother-in-arms Lazar Kaganovich to “reinforce the rear.”

Khrushchev knew everything about the hypocrisy, cruelty, and inhuman essence

of the system posing as the most just in the world. This encouraged

him to persuade his conservative entourage that it was necessary to criticize

Stalin’s personality cult, starting in 1953, formally voicing it [albeit behind

closed doors] at the XX Congress of the Soviet Communist Party, and adding

to it at the XXII Congress in 1961. This criticism, however soft-pedaled

and limited, was an attempt to reform that society, marking the beginning of

changes. People convicted on false charges were acquitted, passports started

to be issued to peasants, meaning cancellation of Stalin’s serfdom-like system

of agricultural management. Khrushchev gave a powerful impetus to

the housing reform, so that the Soviet Union took the lead in the world

per capita housing competition in the second half of the 1950s and in the

1960s. It is easy to laugh at his five-story blocks of apartments [lacking elevators,

garbage chutes, fire escapes, and ill-planned] now. At the time, they

were a solution to the painful and lasting housing issue of the Communist

system, as millions of people moved into their own apartments for the first

time in their life.

He initiated the exploration of virgin soils (although it would remain uncultivated),

tried to upgrade industrial and agricultural management, and

to reduce the bureaucratic machine; he sanctioned the appearance of new

books and works of art with emancipated, critical ideas (suffice it to mention

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn). As the leader of a superpower, Khrushchev did

much to destroy the Cold War atmosphere. During the Cuban Missile crisis,

he and John Kennedy demonstrated restraint and actually saved the world

from a nuclear disaster.

His unconventional, unpredictable, at times eccentric conduct (as when

banging his shoe on the desk at the UN General Assembly Session in 1959),

and his numerous initiatives irritated the Soviet leadership, for this was

against the rules of the game set under Stalin. Also, quite a few of his initiatives

failed and proved markedly inconsistent. He mustered the courage to

describe certain acts on the part of Stalin and his associates as not mistakes

but crimes. At the same time, he lacked the realism to admit the fallacy

of his corn experiment (forcing plantations on soils unfit for the crop), the

shortcomings of the administrative reform (restructuring technical party organizations

on the industrial principle), the utopia of plans to provide the

material preconditions of communism within twenty years, the impracticality

of solving new problems using old methods (in the early 1960s, Khrushchev

lectured men of the arts, sometimes very rudely, telling them what they

should portray and how; it was at that period that a ruthless campaign was

unleashed against the Church), and worse still, relying on old cadres.

That cadre took advantage of his blunders. In 1957, he was in a position to

rebuff a Stalinist attack (e.g., the “anti-Party group of Molotov, Kaganovich,

and Malenkov) and even remove them from office. In October 1964, the

situation was different. Those same people that had warmly greeted him

with his seventieth anniversary in April, secretly prepared an emergency

CC CPSU plenum and accused him of voluntarism and subjectivism. In

fact, they had enough damaging evidence and all he could do was ask them

why they had not told him any of this before. However, they did not kill

him physically, as Stalin would surely have, just as Khrushchev had not

killed Molotov, Kaganovich, Malenkov, and his other adversaries (except

Beria). And he could have! The fact that he did not is another lesson ought

to learn from Khrushchev’s period of “thaw” and from his life.

In 1964, forty years ago (a special anniversary!), ended the political career

of a Communist reformer. It was convincing evidence that the Communist

system is immune to reform, even if ordered from on high.He lived for seven years in retirement, a period of forced isolation and bitter

reflections. He taped his memoirs, sharing facts he had kept to himself

for all those long years, and which appeared in print in the West in the year

of his death (Khrushchev passed away September 11, 1971). In the late

1990s, the complete text (four volumes) was published thanks to Sergei

Khrushchev. This author also took part in its preparation.

US researcher Strobe Talbot [translator of Khrushchev Remembers] said the

memoirs belong to a statesman who knew and remembered many things,

and who must have had inexhaustible reserves of pretentiousness, intellect,

cutthroat cruelty, and instinctive humane character; that his memoirs are an

important historical document, especially in terms of testimony given by

Khrushchev for the history trial over Stalin. Granted, except that this history

trial should also be over Khrushchev and the system whose product he was

– and which he tried to make more humane, inasmuch as he understood it.

10. Write a 300-word essay on the Ukrainian diplomacy during the second

phase of the Soviet period (1944 – 1990).